Bias: The Catalogue

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Systematic error (≠ random error/chance). Selection bias (sampling, healthy-worker, non-response, Berkson, lead-time/length already covered), information/measurement bias (recall, observer, Hawthorne, misclassification), publication bias, attrition bias, lead-time & length bias (recap). For each: definition + where it strikes + how to minimise (blinding, randomisation, objective outcomes). Exam tip: identify the named bias from a vignette.

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