Randomised Controlled Trials

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Gold standard for therapy. Randomisation (removes confounding incl. unknown), allocation concealment (vs blinding — distinct!), blinding (single/double/triple), intention-to-treat vs per-protocol, placebo, equipoise. Superiority vs non-inferiority vs equivalence. CONSORT. Strengths/weaknesses (cost, external validity). Exam tip: allocation concealment = before assignment; blinding = after.

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